Using asynchronous discussion tools in engineering education

This paper considers a number of uses of asynchronous discussion in engineering education, highlighting the benefits to learners and the issues which need to be considered. The main context is the use of computer conferencing by distance learners of technology at the UK Open University. The paper focuses on two courses where computer conferencing has been used in different ways: for optional peer support; and for assessed group activities. A number of questions about the use of asynchronous discussion are considered in the light of experience from these two contexts. The paper also indicates where more research is needed, considers how this research might be carried out, and discusses the difficulties involved

'Hope this helps': peer learning via CMC [poster presentation]

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is increasingly used in distance education to provide opportunities for peer learning and support. CMC allows students to share understandings, discuss misunderstandings, and learn from each other. This peer learning can be more effective than interventions by the tutor, for a number of reasons. Students are willing to expose their difficulties to their peers, whereas they might feel uncomfortable doing so to their tutor. Fellow-students understand difficulties which a tutor, with a more advanced view of the topic, may not appreciate. CMC provides an invaluable opportunity for students to discover that other learners are having similar problems to their own. This paper reports on peer learning via CMC in an Open University course on Digital Communications. Members of staff moderated course-wide conferences whose main purpose was to allow students to help each other. The research reported here was based on a study of conference transcripts. The aim was to identify the ways in which peer learning took place, and the conditions which supported it

What do learners want from computer mediated communication systems?

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) in education has both benefits and problems. The benefits could be increased and the problems alleviated by improved design of CMC systems. Following a user-centred design approach, interviews were therefore carried out with distance learners who use CMC systems. The aim was to elicit ideas for improvements, and to discover which features students find helpful and unhelpful. Ten students of the UK Open University, which uses the FirstClass computer conferencing system, were interviewed individually or in a focus group. Observations of students using the system were also carried out. The study revealed three major areas where enhancements are needed: dealing with information overload; increasing social presence; and providing tools for synchronous communication. The importance of a personalised interface and a high degree of user control were also highlighted

Communication aspects of virtual learning environments: perspectives of early adopters

Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) are increasingly used in higher education to support communication and collaboration among students. However, there is little research into the effectiveness of VLE communication tools, and how they might be improved. This paper reports findings from interviews with teaching staff at UK universities who were early adopters of VLEs. The interviews revealed how these staff used VLE communication tools, what benefits and problems they experienced, and how VLEs might be improved to provide better support for collaborative learning

Investigating design features of a computer-mediated communication system

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is increasingly used in higher education, but it is not without problems. The effectiveness of CMC depends on many factors, including the characteristics of CMC systems themselves. The research reported here therefore aimed to investigate how an educational CMC system might be improved, in order to support learning more effectively. The main context for the research was distance learning at the UK Open University (OU). A two-stage, mixed methods research approach was adopted. In the first stage, interviews and observations were carried out to explore the benefits and problems experienced by users. This revealed two major issues: information overload and lack of social presence. Information overload relates to users’ problems dealing with large numbers of messages. Social presence relates to the need for users to feel connected with each other. The second stage investigated system features aimed at addressing these issues, implemented in a prototype computer conferencing system. Features to address overload included branched message threading and user recommendations. Features to address social presence were ‘résumés’ and instant messaging. These features were evaluated using questionnaires, with several cohorts of students in an OU course. Students expressed approval of the features, although some features were not widely used. Students preferred branched threading to chronological threading because branching helped them to follow ‘conversations’. Students were uncomfortable recommending messages, feeling that the value of a message would vary between people. They were also uncomfortable using instant messaging to contact others whom they did not know. However, the awareness aspect of instant messaging provided a sense of solidarity. The research demonstrated that the problems of overload and lack of social presence are significant, and each has social aspects which must be addressed. Students’ relationships with each other affect whether and how they use the features of CMC systems. We can conclude that particular attention must be paid to the social aspects of online communication, both when designing educational CMC systems and when considering how they are used. To maximise the benefits for learning, students need to feel comfortable with each other online, and there are few short cuts to achieving this

Networked Living: a new approach to teaching introductory ICT

The course T175 Networked Living is a 300 hour, multiple media, distance learning course offered by the UK Open University. The first presentation of the course, in 2005, attracted over 1600 students. T175 introduces students to general concepts of information and communication technology in a range of contexts, including: communication and identity; entertainment and information; and health, transport and government. It is an introductory (level 1) course for a variety of bachelors’ degrees, including the BSc programmes in: Information and Communication Technology; IT and Computing; and Technology; as well as the BEng engineering programme. The course was designed with a focus on retention of students and preparing them for further study. Student workload and pacing was carefully planned and there is a significant study skills component. The course uses a range of media, including: text, audio, computer animation and other software, and a website. Active learning is encouraged by means of activities, online quizzes, animations, spreadsheets and a learning journal. Continuous assessment is carried out via a mix of multiple-choice assignments (to test factual and numerical skills) and written assignments (which include elementary research into new topics). The course culminates with a written end-of-course assessment. This includes a major reflective component, as well as more traditional questions designed to test knowledge and understanding

Creating and collaborating: students’ and tutors’ perceptions of an online group project

Although collaboration skills are highly valued by employers, convincing students that collaborative learning activities are worthwhile, and ensuring that the experience is both useful and enjoyable, are significant challenges for educators. This paper addresses these challenges by exploring students’ and tutors’ experiences of a group project where part-time distance learners collaborate online to create a website. Focus groups were conducted with students who had recently completed the project, and discussion forums were used to gather feedback from tutors who supported students and marked their group work. The research showed that students’ attitudes towards the group project on completion were generally favourable. Findings highlighted key aspects for successful online group projects and for motivating students to participate fully. These included: the design of authentic tasks, with skills development relevant to the workplace; careful attention to how the group work is assessed; and enabling students to develop websites they could be proud of. Frustrations for students were associated with the lack of engagement of fellow students and with limitations of the tool provided for building the website. Tutors found marking the work a time-consuming and complex process. Tutors were also unconvinced of the value and fairness of assessing students partly on a group, as opposed to an individual, basis

Quality Frameworks for MOOCs

The hype surrounding MOOCs has been tempered by scepticism about the quality of MOOCs. The possible flaws of MOOCs include the quality of the pedagogies employed, low completion rates and a failure to deliver on the promise of inclusive and equitable quality education for all. On the other hand, MOOCs that have given a boost to open and online education have become a symbol of a larger modernisation agenda for universities, and are perceived as tools for universities to improve the quality of blended and online education—both in degree education and Continuous Professional Development. MOOC provision is also much more open to external scrutiny as part of a stronger globalising higher education market. This has important consequences for quality frameworks and quality processes that go beyond the individual MOOC. In this context, different quality approaches are discussed including possible measures at different levels and the tension between product and process models. Two case studies are described: one at the institutional level (The Open University) and one at a MOOC platform level (FutureLearn) and how they intertwine is discussed. The importance of a national or international quality framework which carries with it a certification or label is illustrated with the OpenupEd Quality label. Both the label itself and its practical use are described in detail. The examples will illustrate that MOOCs require quality assurance processes tailored to e-learning and open education, embedded in institutional frameworks. The increasing unbundling of educational services may require additional quality processes

E-learning for Networked Living

Networked Living is a Level 1 course in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) offered by the UK Open University. The first two presentation of the course, in 2005 and 2006, attracted over 3000 students between them. Networked Living introduces students to ICT concepts and issues in a range of contexts. The course adopts a blended learning approach, using printed texts, web resources, DVD and computer conferencing. All the above media are used where appropriate to support students' learning. About 60% of the material is print-based – teaching texts, together with selected third-party articles. About 20% is web-based – using a comprehensive course web site, but also requiring students to find and use third-party sites. The remaining 20% is based on offline computer resources (e.g. spreadsheets) and collaborative activities using computer conferencing. The course web site contains short animations, quizzes and several interactive activities where students contribute information and commentaries, and can then see the collated contributions of other students. The DVD contains longer animations, simulations and software. Computer conferencing is used for tutor-group and whole-cohort conferences, and for online tutorials, with both asynchronous and synchronous discussion. The course web site provides a new, shareable 'online journal' facility, where students can record their work for the course. This paper discusses the various e-learning elements of Networked Living, based on the first two presentations of the course. The paper considers how e-learning can be combined with printed resources to create a successful blended learning experience for students

Using wikis for online group projects: student and tutor perspectives

This paper presents a study of the use of wikis to support online group projects in two courses at the UK Open University. The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a wiki in supporting (i) student collaboration and (ii) tutors’ marking of the students’ collaborative work. The paper uses the main factors previously identified by the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a starting point to examine and discuss the experiences of these two very different user groups: students and tutors. Data was gathered from students via a survey and from tutors via a range of methods. The findings suggest that, when used in tandem with an online forum, the wiki was a valuable tool for groups of students developing a shared resource. As previous studies using the TAM have shown, usefulness and ease of use were both important to students’ acceptance of the wiki. However, the use of a wiki in this context was less well-received by tutors, because it led to an increase in their workload in assessing the quality of students’ collaborative processes. It was possible to reduce the tutor workload by introducing a greater degree of structure in the students’ tasks. We conclude that when introducing collaborative technologies to support assessed group projects, the perceptions and needs of both students and tutors should be carefully considered